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O presente trabalho analisou o perfil metabólico primário (proteínas, amido e lipídeos ) e secundário (carotenóides, antocianinas e compostos fenólicos) de oito variedades crioulas de milho desenvolvidas por equenos agricultores do município de Anchieta (SC) e avaliou o efeito do ambiente sobre o teor daqueles metabólitos cultivando as mesmas variedades no campo experimental da UFSC (Florianópolis), assim como características fisico-químicas e funcionais das farinhas e amidos de variedades crioulas e hibridas de milho. Os resultados mostraram diferenças na composição química (proteínas e amido) detectadas por técnicas histoquimicas assim como pela quantificação do teor daqueles compostos nas amostras de variedades de milho (amido, proteínas e lipídeos). Maior ocorrência de polissacarídeos ácidos, amido, celulose e proteínas foi vista para as variedades desenvolvidas em Anchieta (Geração F0). A quantificação do teor de proteínas revelou F0 como sendo a geração de maior ocorrência daqueles compostos. As variedades crioulas MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 mostraram-se como fontes de apreciável teor de lipídeos. O tamanho dos grânulos dos amidos de variedades crioulas foi bastante heterogênea, na grande parte são circulares e apresentando fibras na matriz do amido. O poder de inchamento, índice de solubilidade, capacidade de retenção de água foram em geral baixos para as variedades crioulas de milho. Conteúdos superiores de amilose foram detectados para as variedades R8C-0, RJ-0 e Fortuna. A espectroscopia de infravermelho (FT-IR) aliada a quimiometria (PCAs) revelou a presença de proteínas, lipídeos, amido como sendo os compostos majoritários, no entanto, foi notório a presença de açúcares e compostos de metabolismo secundário (terpenóides). Baixas temperaturas de gelatinização foram observadas para as variedades MPA1 e RXE (F0) e valores elevados para LP e RJ (F0). Menores viscosidades das pastas de amidos form detectados para RJ, RXE, e PR (F0), no entanto, as variedades RJ e R8C apresentaram maior tendência a retrogradação. Em geral amidos de variedades da F1 apresentaram maior retrogradação. A análise do conteúdo de metabólitos secundários em sementes, folhas e flores femininas das variedades crioulas e hibridas revelou maiores teores de carotenóides para as variedades LP (folhas), RX (flores femininas) e RXE (sementes). A geração F1 apresentou maior teor médio de carotenóides comparativamente a F0 e variedades hibridas, revelando o efeito do ambiente na síntese daqueles compostos. O tratamento hidrotérmico aplicado na extração degradou os carotenóides. A CLAE, revelou serem as xantofilas (luteina e zeaxantina) os compostos majoritários em sementes de variedades crioulas, com destaque para as variedades RX, PR (F0), e PR, MG, RXE (F1). O teor de carotenóides foi superior na geração F1 assim como a sintese de a, e ß-carotenos, com destaque destes em PR, MG e RXE (F1). A variedade hibrida BR SC 154 revelou superioridade em carotenóides totais por CLAE comparativamente a todas outras estudadas. Teores elevados de antocianinas foram detectados em folhas, flores, e sementes das variedades PR, MG e LP-0 respectivamente, enquanto que, teores elevados de fenólicos totais foram observados em flores, folhas e grãos de RJ, RX e R8C-0 respectivamente. O estudo permitiu concluir que tanto amidos e farinhas das variedades F0, F1 e hibridas apresentaram algumas características desejáveis (alta viscosidade, baixa temperatura de empastamento, elevado teor de lipídios assim como teor médio de amilose) e podem ser usados para a obtenção de alguns produtos na indústria (Pães, pudins, sobremesas), fato que pode agregar mais valor, mais aplicabilidade e gerar novas perspectivas de uso destas variedades crioulas de milho e incentivo ao pequeno agricultor que vem desenvolvendo essas variedades ao longo de décadas. Variedades de milho crioulo exibiram quantidades apreciáveis de carotenóides, antocianinas e fenólicos existentes em diferentes partes da planta que vários outros relatos na literatura, e constituem ótimo material de exploração de compostos do metabolismo secundário para fins farmacêuticos, saúde e na indústria cosmética, fato que vai agregar mais valor e preservação deste germoplasma. |
pt_BR |
| dc.description.abstract |
This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm.This study examined the primary metabolic profile (protein, starch and lipid) and secondary (carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolics) of eight maize landraces developed by small farmers in the municipality of Anchieta (SC) and assessed the effect of environment on the metabolite content of those cultivating the same varieties in the experimental field of UFSC (Florianópolis). Physico-chemical and functional properties of flours and starches of maize landraces and hybrid varieties were also studied. The results showed differences in chemical composition (protein and starch) detected by histochemistry techniques as well as the quantification of the content of those compounds in the samples of maize varieties (starch, proteins and lipids). Increased occurrence of acidic polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and protein was seen for the maize landraces developed in Anchieta (F0 generation). The quantification of protein content revealed higher occurrence of those compounds for F0 generation. The landraces MG-0, MPA1-1, LP-1, RXE-1 appeared as sources of appreciable levels of lipids. The particle size of starches from landraces was very heterogeneous, in large part are circular and presenting fibers in the matrix of starch The swelling power, solubility index, and water holding capacity were generally low for maize landraces. Higher amylose content was detected for the varieties R8C-0, RJ-0 and Fortuna. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with chemometrics (PCA) revealed the presence of proteins, lipids, starch as the major components, however, was evident the presence of sugars and secondary metabolites compounds (terpenoids). Low gelatinization temperatures were observed for varieties MPA1 and RXE (F0) and high values for LP and RJ (F0). Lower viscosity of starch pastes were detected for RJ, RXE, and PR (F0), however, the varieties RJ, R8C showed higher retrogradation. In general the F1 varieties of starches showed higher retrogradation. The analysis of secondary metabolites in seeds, leaves and maize silks of landraces and hybrid showed higher levels of carotenoids for the varieties LP (leaves), RX (maize silks) and RXE (seeds). The F1 generation showed a higher average content of carotenoids compared to F0 and hybrid varieties, revealing the effect of environment on the synthesis of those compounds. The hydrothermal treatment degraded carotenoids extraction. HPLC revealed to be the xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) as the major components in seeds of local varieties, especially for RX, PR (F0), and PR, MG, RXE (F1). The carotene content was higher in the F1 generation as well as the synthesis of a, and ß-carotene, especially those in PR, MG and RXE (F1). The hybrid variety BR 154 SC showed superiority in carotenoids by HPLC compared to all other studied. High levels of anthocyanins were detected in leaves, maize silks, and seed varieties of PR, MG and LP-0, respectively, whereas high levels of phenolics were observed in maize silks, leaves and grains of RJ, R8C and RX-0 respectively. The study showed that both varieties of starches and flours of F0, F1 and hybrid had some desirable features (high viscosity, low temperature tightness, high fat content as well as medium amylose) and can be used to obtain certain products in industry (breads, puddings, desserts), which can add more value, more applicability and generate new prospects for using these varieties of maize and encouragement to the small farmer who has been developing along these varieties of maize landraces. Maize landraces presented appreciable amounts of carotenoids, anthocyanins and phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts than several other reports in the literature, and provide great raw materials of secondary metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical, health and cosmetics industry, a fact that will add more value and preservation this germplasm. |
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